> In this framework, a research finding is less likely to be true [...] where there is greater flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes, and analytical modes
It's worth noting though that in many research fields, teasing out the correct hypotheses and all affecting factors are difficult. And, sometimes it takes quite a few studies before the right definitions are even found; definitions which are a prerequisite to make a useful hypothesis. Thus, one cannot ignore the usefulness of approximation in scientific experiments, not only to the truth, but to the right questions to ask.
Not saying that all biases are inherent in the study of sciences, but the paper cited seems to take it for granted that a lot of science is still groping around in the dark, and to expect well-defined studies every time is simply unreasonable.
It's worth noting though that in many research fields, teasing out the correct hypotheses and all affecting factors are difficult. And, sometimes it takes quite a few studies before the right definitions are even found; definitions which are a prerequisite to make a useful hypothesis. Thus, one cannot ignore the usefulness of approximation in scientific experiments, not only to the truth, but to the right questions to ask.
Not saying that all biases are inherent in the study of sciences, but the paper cited seems to take it for granted that a lot of science is still groping around in the dark, and to expect well-defined studies every time is simply unreasonable.