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Didn‘t they switch to 48V?


Only on the cybertruck, the Y and 3 are still mostly 12v


I wonder why all electric cars aren’t designed from the start to use 48v.


Component availability mostly, the entire automotive world is designed for 12v systems.


I would not have expected many shared components between electric and ICE cars. Especially Teslas.


Not only is the majority of an EV the exact same components as an ICE car, but the electric car industry has been using off the shelf components for decades.

Tesla buys plenty of products from them, including things like electric steering assist.

Bosch wants to stay relevant for longer than ICE cars after all, and a lot of these components were developed for ICE cars anyway.


For the powertrain, sure obviously and absolutely.

But e.g. why have different electric window motors, wiper motors, turn signal solenoids etc etc?


Tesla have done a lot of vertical integration, but for other manufacturers there's a lot of common electronic components. Stuff like headlamps (even if it's a different plastic housing the board will be the same basic design), door locks, infotainment, dashboard displays where there's little reason to significantly reengineer them for an EV.


I don't think it would have to be only electric cars, if you're building a hybrid where the 12V battery is kept charged by the high voltage battery, you've got basically the same situation.

Availability of accessories seems like it would be inconvenient for any early adopters, e.g. you can readily get USB chargers, portable generators, coolers, tire inflators, battery boosters, etc. that run off 12V... if you get a 48V vehicle today, you'd either need a 110V->12V adapter to run accessories, or you'd be limited to 48V RV accessories.


What would be the exact benefit for 48V?

Virtually all electronics need a step down (buck) converters as they run at lower voltages 5, 3.3, 1.8. 12V > 3.3- 1V would a single step. 48V ones would likely require an intermediate step. The only exception would be running some power systems where it'd require less current.


You're going to need the expensive bits of a power supply anyway to meet transient requirements, so it's not much of a savings to run at native voltage and it gives a lot of design freedom/reusability to have one voltage for everything.

The main savings is current though, because the wiring harness is one of the most expensive parts of a car.


The move to 48v is very much about efficiency within the harness backbone. For the same wattage, less amperage is needed in a higher voltage system, meaning the wires can be smaller and they produce less waste heat.

There are a few different topologies for a 48v harness, but somewhere in the line there's a 12V DC/DC converter in there somewhere.


Cost.

The wiring for 48V can be a lot thinner than it is for 12V. As there is a square law involved for resistive heating it turns out that wiring for 48V can use 1/16th of the weight of copper as that for 12V.

A switchmode converter can be designed for 48V just as easily as 12V.


It's far cheaper and easier to just pluck a readily available 12V power supply off the shelf than it is to design one that will have limited applications outside of a single manufacturer.


The inertia of established supply chains and industry norms can be a real mother to overcome.

Hobbyist computing could benefit from a move to 48V as well, if only to keep the problematic 12VHPWR from killing expensive video cards.

I say hobbyist because AIUI 48v is making inroads in server hardware but that's not my area.


48v automotive designs have been available from suppliers for a few years now.

You generally can't reuse non-automotive power supplies in automotive because the requirements are very different.


Less copper and thinner wires throughout the vehicle.


12v is easier to adapt and take parts off the shelf. Remember that EVs weren't quite obviously the future at some point.

I have to wonder if this ever happened with the 6v to 12v transition somewhere in the 50's-60's


Because all of the IC's that are attached to the battery are designed for 12V. Things like solid state relays (BTS7008 for exammple) and the 5/3.3 volt regulators.


Interesting, thanks!


16V internally


One thing is for sure, he is not a gifted writer.


> A StageConnect/A2B main-device uses a virtual I2C-connection

Uh oh.


I don’t think 4096 QAM is realistic anyway, except if your router is 10 cm away from your laptop.


This doesn’t matter at all, if the resulting tokens/sec is still too slow for interactive use.


> Terraform is there specifically to solve the Aws infrastructure complexity.

I don't know if anyone here remembers the Ant build system, but writing your own Terraform spaghetti strongly resembles the days of Ant, before Maven came along. Teams over-engineering their build pipeline, building "platforms" that other teams must use, an unmaintainable and untestable mess. Time better spent elsewhere.


> Teams over-engineering their build pipeline, building "platforms" that other teams must use, an unmaintainable and untestable mess. Time better spent elsewhere.

I have to disagree a little here, if you're already in AWS, then an investment in fixing your terraform structure is not just worth the money, but gives you a better understanding of the infrastructure architecture, you also retain ownership of your deployments. What happens if Flightcontrol go down for whatever reason? Or are sold off like other's we've seen, or god forbid you need some fine tuning that isn't in the Flightcontrol's website. You're now depending on, and maybe even paying for, an external company for devops support to do something you already know how to do.

It seems to be in the long term, that time is definitely not better spent elsewhere.


> What happens if Flightcontrol go down for whatever reason? Or are sold off like other's we've seen, or god forbid you need some fine tuning that isn't in the Flightcontrol's website.

These are all valid points. This is a fundamental issue with relying on non-open 3rd party solutions and (leaky) abstractions. The best solution here would be some standard that the hyperscalers implement themselves, but this is of course incredibly unlikely.


> some standard that the hyperscalers implement themselves

I'm kind of amazed that they haven't already. It would be such a good selling point for Azure, or GCP, etc. "We have a UI like Heroku or Vercel. Compare that to our confusing competitors!"


They don’t want to be easily replaceable. The closest thing to a universal interface is K8S, and thats just a small part of the overall API surface.


> the hyperscalers implement themselves

I wouldn’t be surprised to see that at some point if these tools catch on.

AWS in particular has a pattern of bringing toys everyone loves in house and making managed services out of them.


> Teams over-engineering their build pipeline, building "platforms" that other teams must use, an unmaintainable and untestable mess. Time better spent elsewhere.

This hits home so much!

I remember last year when I asked our Cloud Ops to add an additional EC2 instance and adjust sizes on two others. It took twelve work hours and resulted in +3k -2k changed lines "because they had no way of doing it now without merging seven hundred other changes.


Its an anti-pattern that negates some of the advantages of the cloud and re-introduces issues people had when things were still handled by the old internal IT infra department. I‘ve seen it a lot.


That smells like some really nasty problem in your company. If the change was really what you said it was, it might take some time and terraform code (i.e. nested submodules with hardcoded values that needs to support parameters all the way down) but it should not be a diff of that size.


Do you know what they did wrong? I would have made a stink about this.


I guess in an ideal world, a service like this would be a layer on top of Terraform. Changes in the admin page would be applied using Terraform, and update the config in your own Git repository. I think this would be much easier to sell, even if they choose to make it "write only" to avoid potential complexity of managing user defined configs.

They could get customers initially by promising a simple start to get "on the cloud", but would keep customers due to support, scaling, monitoring, ci/cd and maintenance. Cheap startups could use it as a one-time tool, but I think a lot would see the added value they bring.


Stay tuned, we’re working on the next version of Flightcontrol which is in this direction.


There are two devops patterns that WORK:

1. All centrally managed. Engineers hand off repos and devops own the instantiation. Devop is a core team with an infra monorepo.

2. Devops capable engineers are embedded into teams, and each project owns its own infrastructure with golden path guidance.

The hybrid version, central management of most stuff with project specific devops burden, is the worst of both and causes no end of problems.


> I'm looking forward to this taking over the data analytics space

Parquet is surprisingly arcane. There are a lot of unpleasant and poorly documented details one has to be aware of in order to use it efficiently.


If you have multi-MB strings in an editor, that’s the problem right there. People use ropes instead of strings for a reason.


A well written, easy to understand article on cryptography that isn’t using unnecessary jargon.

Did he not get the memo that this is not allowed?


> They were at the top of civilization for thousands of years.

Citation needed.



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