yes, well, the other part of the story
you would not know it maybe unless you frequent among addicts or psych wards where the practice is done
indeed there is a third such nasal decongestion / meth class drug known as BENZEDREX
it is a OTC decongestant .. an inhaler.. okay, fine.
but what drug addicts, and in my experience for whatever reason, people with hard psych illnesses like to do is pop the inhaler open. inside is a benzedrex-laden ball of cotton which is then chewed upon for the high
Yea I would def. not call mitochondria "alive" since they are so deeply integrated with the rest of the cell & vice versa.
mito is like <100k bp vs 3000000k bp in human genome (bp = base pair = "character" in a string)
principle derives from the concept of "the selfish gene" or "the red queen" these famous books on the topic. Arms races between X and Y chromosome. Arms race between nucleus and mitochondria, and so on.
or put it this way. why do all animals have sex? because it generates gene sequences that confer fitness more efficiently than self-replication (which is the typical repro method of unix programmers)... .. generates such gene sequences for NUCLEAR DNA that is, mito DNA comes from mom only (the red queen.. .. "mitochondrial eve" ... "y chromosomal adam".. etc). and thus the mito is fundamentally unable to wield the power of evolution, completely evolutionarily outclassed by those nuclear chromosomes. thus exporting all its genes to the nucleus, conferring advantage to all such progeny with their superior power supply
I don't understand this definition of "alive". Isn't every cell in my body alive? There are definitely differences between an alive cell and a dead one.
> There are definitely differences between an alive cell and a dead one.
Energy flow is the difference. but then everything has an energy flow. Losing and gaining electrons. So it is possible that literally everything is alive, don’t you think? Maybe the problem is is that we’re trying to make a definition where none ultimately really exists.
it's mostly used for crypto if I measure X here then I know the other guy will measure Y, and that is instant. But I can't force a measurement of 0 or 1 for X so as to force the Y (i.e communication).
So this means there is common knowledge of some random vector 01101010101 but nature decides the vector randomly, not humans, not communication.
You might get clever and say "aha! if I measured or not can be the communication" and that's true. The way you measure that is to see if your particle is in a superposition state or no. You shoot the entangled photon through a double slit and see if a wave-like pattern occurs, in which case we're still in a superposition and our communicator has not measured, or if it's two lines they have measured. "measured or not" thus is our "bit" that has been communicated instantly.
So the answer is kind of yes and know. At face value instant communication is not possible. Adding a quantum superposition detection device, then yes, such a device's readout may be used for Ender's game style ansible communication.
> see if your particle is in a superposition state or no. You shoot the entangled photon through a double slit and see if a wave-like pattern occurs ... "measured or not" thus is our "bit" that has been communicated instantly.
IANAQP but I'm pretty sure this is not correct. Basically everyone in the field maintains that any FTL communication is impossible.
The problem is that you almost certainly can't figure whether a given particle is entangled with some faraway particle just by looking at it; you need to look at both. "Quantum networks" rely on knowing beforehand that the particles are entangled. I think you're correct that the key advancement is common knowledge of a random (as far as we know) vector.
I think your "entanglement detector" is a misunderstanding of the double-slit experiment. (You call it a "superposition detector", but really everything is in some sort of superposition all the time.) If you fire one photon through a double slit at a sheet of photo paper, you'll always see one dot on the paper. Even though the single photon is wave-like and even interfering with itself, this is only something that becomes visibly apparent after repeating the experiment many times. So the pattern is not unique to an entangled photon, and you can't test a single photon anyway.
> You shoot the entangled photon through a double slit and see if a wave-like pattern occurs, in which case we're still in a superposition and our communicator has not measured
Wait, does this work? Are superposition detection devices theoretically possible? Got any reference with more on this?
That's not correct; you cannot use a double-slit test to check for entanglement. Running a photon through a double-slit setup always just produces a single dot, not a any sort of pattern. To get a pattern, you need to run a bunch of photons through it and see if a fringe pattern appears [1].
(BTW, you never get a two-line pattern in a decent setup. This is an incredibly common mistake, but it's simply wrong. The interference (which produces fringes) only happens where the separate patterns from the two slits overlap, so if you want a lot of interference, you need them to overlap a lot. So in the no-interference case, you won't get two separate lines with a gap between, you'll get a single merged wash (with probably some fine structure due to diffraction within each of the slits, but that'll also be there when there is interference, on top of the two-slit interference fringes).)
You might think "ok, I'll do this with a bunch of photons, measure/not measure all of their twins, and see if the bunch of them show fringes." This is more-or-less what's done in the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment, but it doesn't work out in a way that allows communication. What happens is that you always get the no-interference pattern. In order to see interference fringes, you need to split the individual photons' dots up based on the result of the measurement you made on their twins. Based on those measurements (if you made them), you can split the photons up into two groups, which'll have fringes with equal-and-opposite patterns (i.e. each will have bands where the other has gaps [2]).
If you didn't measure the twin photons (or made some other measurement on them instead), you can't split them up, so you won't see the fringes. But that's not because the measurements were different, it's just that you can't split them up afterward to see the fringes. And even if you did measure the twins, you can't split them up until you get a list of which twin got which result -- which can't be sent faster-than-light.
Net result: no, you can't send information via entanglement, you can only get correlation.
The article doesn't mention US citizens specifically, just US adults. But yes, the context and link make it clear it wasn't talking about South America, but even if it were, there's a table in the article that has a list of countries literacy rates. A cursory glance shows Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador as having higher literacy rates than the US.
I don't know how accurate these stats are, but it's interesting nonetheless.
On the topic of "let it fail, they are benefiting too hard" -> "moral hazard". happened in 2008, as a counterexample, bank-wise... ... and they did indeed let it fail. see bear stearns or lehman
another word to throw around here is monopoly as in these companies have monopoly (or duopoly) on the american market i.e. boeings domestic planes, intels domestic fabs.
So what are we doing here. We have 5 or more huge banks (not a monopoly), we let them fail, when things are more monopoly seeming, "oh no we need to keep it". Really? A monopoly? The thing the gobmint is sposed to be destroying and it's breathing life into it?
You will get startup types blatantly ripping you off and stealing your ideas, and it's smiled upon to fight back and shut them down, sure.
Conversely a person could start patenting obvious ideas (morse code + cell phone seems like one) and then thousands of people independently arrive at the idea unaware of prior work. So now all that legal paperwork backing meant to fight off the startup type, the dragon, is used on an innocent - he who fights dragons should be careful not to become a dragon himself
IMO the patent system here is transformed into a "first person who calls dibs is the winner!" type free for all, and we get professional dib-callers. And the reason why it happens is the content of the patent, the ideation, execution, is all rote simple and not all that innovative.
You can do blood tests to catch cancer mutations, used presently. Many blood tests.
It can be a cancer mutating. It can be the cancer not mutating (occurs after drug given) but is mutated (mutation occurred already). We have a population of a billion cancer cells. Treat with drug. 999 million die, 1 million survive because they had that mutation conferring "fitness" i.e. resistance to drug. three months later, we have a billion cancer cells again, descended from the 1 million cells. Now those billion cells also get the next line of therapy. 999 million die, 1 million survive. 3 months later, those 1 million are now a billion again. And so on. Point being, I'd think of it more as a selection mechanism as Darwin taught us, not the cancer automatically generating a resistance mutation - the blind watchmaker. In this case there was probably a mutation changing or downregulating the antibody target, probably HER2 or something related.
I don't know what "rejecting the antibody" means. You would need to look up the ADME to understand physiology and think about how the cancer might modulate that.
All this talk of "oh how do we catch these mutations".. ... ... there are a few dozen companies that will tell you what mutations are there straight up, just from the blood. From the tumor, any hospital can tell you all the mutations. The problem isn't that we don't know. We can tell you the mutations. We can tell you the new mutations. So we find 100 mutations let's say. Okay. Next question, for each of the 100 mutations, does it cause resistance, yes or no? Do two of them together cause resistance? Are they from the same cell, they could be from distinct tumor lineages. You know most of the mutations are what are called "passenger mutations" right? Red herrings.
So this is the pathology of computer scientists. "If only a clever programmer took a crack at this, these biologists what with their humanities style miasmas and rote memorization topical field". Many have in fact... Bioinformatics goes as far back as the 1970s I'd say if not further. And that clever programmer did find all the mutations. Did a great job. Pretty well developed. Then you say "ah let us understand what the mutation does!" Okay. So now you're taking a subset of the broader field of genomic variation and computationally deriving how that variant influences trillions of different cells interacting with an antibody protein with a chemical bound to it. Congrats, if you're such a "clever programmer" than by solving this, you've solved life itself! Basically this notion is "this looks easy, what is this, like the 3-SAT problem, figure if someone was clever enough to take a crack at it then that would solve this whole 3-SAT issue!" completely blind to the fact that it's just as hard (and the same) as proving P=NP. So if you ARE a hardcore clever programmer, then this rabbit hole goes as deep if not deeper than P=NP, and the cancer will humble you, as this is what cancer does, to humble.
As COVID has taught us "if only we had all obeyed the stay at home order" (which would have eliminated COVID and a chunk of dozens or hundreds of infectious diseases), relying on the bulk of man to "get with the plan" is a fool's errand, ipso facto the proposition of such is and was foolish for reason of blindness to this fact.
That is to say, if we all have a "same browser" then there will be people with "not same", there will be divergences, it will be a mess.
A very simple solution of polymorphic fingerprinting - the fingerprinters will get a fingerprint, a good looking one, just that it will be different each time. Even better to think of when the russians poisoned the ammunition in vietnams with bad bullets. Can't make them all bed or they'll toss the whole batch. I think they arrived at 1:10. The idea is to make fingerprinting as ugly as possible - up to and no further than the point that they are forced to cook up something even more evil.
This is all true. And of course let us remember cholesterol is essential. Many hormones are made from it (cortisol, vitaminD, testosterone, estrogen). Being essential (not intending the meaning of "essential vitamin" which means the body cannot synthsize - as a vitamin it would be non-essential) - but being essential for physiology rather than diet, the body can synthesize cholesterol. So there is this axis of people who have low cholesterol super healthy diets.. and their body just makes lots of cholesterol anyway, so now they have high cholesterol and are taking statin drugs for it, because biology and population variation.
The other thing cholesterol is used to make, also quite nice to have, is bile. Used for fat digestion and such. A lot of bile. From a lot of cholesterol. Seems like a waste though, to excrete all that finely synthesized bodily chemical. BUt aha, the body realizes this and so resorbs it. THus there is a cycle and recycle of cholesterol and bile. Aha! What if we can trick the body to not resorb it and just release it. Such a drug has been developed. Well, hard to call it a drug. There is no fanciness, no elegant molecular binding to an esoteric receptor, no, nothing of the sort. It's called metamucil, and as the name tells us, it mostly works by being a big chonky mucinous blob of very impressively thick goop. The "magic" of how it works is literally the bile gets trapped in the thick goop and excreted. And thus we've bled off some bile from the cholesterol recycling loop, and thus, cholesterol. And that's why this weird blobby old person fiber supplement is cholesterol magic.
Kind of sucks for your guts, though, don't it? Bile is corrosive, that's why reflux is an issue and digestive tablets that contain ox bile shouldn't be taken on an empty stomach. Not fun when it reaches your bowels, either.
