First, cities often can't tax the burbs. Commuters often use city services without paying for them. So, local taxes are only a tiny part of the story you need to look at the state and federal level.
At the federal spending it's major metro areas that are funding much of the country. Delaware get's back 1/2 what it puts in and South Carolina get's back almost 8x what it puts in. Those are absolutely massive tax flows which fund things like rural hospitals. But also a lot of infrastructure like new roads.
Even within states if you look at Virginia the DC area provides most of the revenue which is then spread around the state.
But, this ends up far more complex than just the local property tax situation.
They DO pay for city services — if they buy something within the city or work within the city, the costs of the city are reflected in the cost of goods or the compensation from employment.
They don't directly pay to use local roads etc. They may indirectly contribute to the tax base, but it's far from 1:1. Otherwise their would be little need for local property taxes on homes and apartments.
And really, your argument implies that people in Japan pay US taxes when they buy Coca Cola. At some point things are indirect enough it's a meaningless connection.
At the federal spending it's major metro areas that are funding much of the country. Delaware get's back 1/2 what it puts in and South Carolina get's back almost 8x what it puts in. Those are absolutely massive tax flows which fund things like rural hospitals. But also a lot of infrastructure like new roads.
Even within states if you look at Virginia the DC area provides most of the revenue which is then spread around the state.
But, this ends up far more complex than just the local property tax situation.