If SWCLK and SWDIO signals are present, there are great chances that SWD will work. In any case, you can control with registers if you want to enable full JTAG, SWD, or nothing, and reuse those pins as you wish.
You can use JTAG probes that implement the CMSIS-DAP (also called DAPLink) protocol, so you get a probe that doesn't need any driver as is seen as an HID USB device. I ran through some problems when trying to use the ST-LINK/V2 with Linux, but that was some years ago and I don't know if things have changed since then.
You can use JTAG probes that implement the CMSIS-DAP (also called DAPLink) protocol, so you get a probe that doesn't need any driver as is seen as an HID USB device. I ran through some problems when trying to use the ST-LINK/V2 with Linux, but that was some years ago and I don't know if things have changed since then.
CMSIS-DAP: https://os.mbed.com/handbook/CMSIS-DAP
Some probes: https://www.adafruit.com/product/2764
https://www.artekit.eu/products/debug/ak-cmsis-dap/