Whenever I access a public Wi-Fi with login / captive portal, and the portal doesn’t show up immediately, I enter captive.apple.com in Safari to trigger it! Works every time (iPhone)
Same for Android which always call to Google everytime device connect to WiFi. At least you can change captive portal via ADB, I'm not sure if iOS let you do that too.
I used to use it to test connectivity on my own apps because Apple is probably better at making sure a url reachable than I am.