Yes, you can, but you shouldn’t to solve this problem, because typealiases aren’t new types, just–as the name suggests–aliases, so anything aliased to Int is interchangeable with Int and everything else aliased that way, so you still have exactly the same problem.
Also, cents * cents shouldn’t be cents (though cents * unitless ints should be).
That's not quite the same thing, as in f# a unit of measure actually makes not interchangable. While a type alias, afaik, literally is just an alias, without preventing you to do something like that:
typealias Cent = Int
typealias Euro = Int
SomeEuro = SomeCent
In f#, measures aren't bound to any specific numeric type either.