there exist many high quality criticisms of Julia's type system, but this article does not contain them if I'm being totally honest. I think this writeup here https://viralinstruction.com/posts/badjulia/#the_type_system... contains more valid gripes about the type system than the one you linked.

Using Union as an example is more understandable than using abstract types. I can also explain why abstract types are broken, but that would involve a complex interaction of subtyping and abstract interpretation.

In addition, I believe that abstract types are not that horrible since in industry we use OOP any way (https://github.com/Suzhou-Tongyuan/ObjectOriented.jl). I coworked with the author of this package several years ago. Currently, he is developping a different branch of Julia compiler. Since OOP makes eveything easier to design (from linter to static compiler), and programmers prefer OOP over abstract types, I personally don't think they will cause huge problems.