All three of those plus more, but language barrier might be the biggest reason. Most Europeans speak English, but most scams are only plausible in your native language or the national language of your country. Europe is a patchwork of different languages. English has a much bigger "market" of victims for international scammers, many of them might already know some English before their career
I'm living in Finland, and my Finnish language skills are .. not great .. but even I can spot spam messages easily.
There are some appalling auto-translated spammy/scammy SMS and WhatsApp messages being sent, and it would be incredibly hard to take them seriously due to their poor language.