Yes, fencing is very costly especially because cows are strong. I grew up on the countryside and learned a couple of things. Fencing not only needs to be built but also maintained. You can also use electric fences but that's basically the same, and you need to run power.
Cows are stubborn and especially in summer, when they found out that the water cools them down, they get into the water. But often they can't get out, at least how N/W-European pastures are. So you get a tractor and pull them out, but then they learn that :-)
What actually is necessary, is that there's enough shade. But trees need to maintained so a lot of farmers cut them down.
Note that my knowledge is limited and perhaps already out of date.
Trees cools down what’s beside not only by their shade but also with evaporation. The cooldown effect of a forest is way stronger that and solar panel shaded area.
Cows are stubborn and especially in summer, when they found out that the water cools them down, they get into the water. But often they can't get out, at least how N/W-European pastures are. So you get a tractor and pull them out, but then they learn that :-)
What actually is necessary, is that there's enough shade. But trees need to maintained so a lot of farmers cut them down.
Note that my knowledge is limited and perhaps already out of date.