Not directly related to the article we're discussing here, but, based on your experience, you might be the ideal kind of person to answer this.
At the scale you are mentioning, even "simple" solutions must be very sophisticated and nuanced. How does this transformation happen naturally from an engineer at a startup where any mainstream language + Postgres covers all your needs, to someone who can build something at Google scale?
Let's disregard the grokking of system design interview books and assume that system design interviews do look at real skills instead of learning common buzzwords.
Demonstration of capability will get you hired, capability comes only through practice.
I built a hobby system for anonymously monitoring BitTorrent by scraping the DHT, in doing this, I learned how to build a little cluster, how to handle 30,000 writes a second (which I used Cassandra for - this was new to me at the time) then build simple analytics on it to measure demand for different media.
Then my interview was just talking about this system, how the data flowed, where it can be improved, how is redundancy handled, the system consisted of about 10 different microservices so I pulled the code up for each one and I showed them.
Interested in astronomy? Build a system to track every star/comet. Interested in weather? Do SOTA predictions, interested in geography? Process the open source global gravity maps, interested in trading? Build a data aggregator for a niche.
It doesn’t really matter that whatever you build “is the best in the world or not” - the fact that you build something, practiced scaling it with whatever limited resources you have, were disciplined to take it to completion, and didn’t get stuck down some rabbit hole endlessly re-architecting stuff that doesn’t matter, this is what they’re looking for - good judgement, discipline, experience.
Also attitude is important, like really, really important - some cynical ranter is not going to get hired over the “that’s cool I can do that!” person, even if the cynical ranter has greater engineering skills, genuine enthusiasm and genuine curiosity is infectious.
Systems begin to slow. You measure and figure out a way to get performance acceptable again. You gain stakeholder alignment and push towards delivering results.
There are steps that most take. Start with caching. Then you learn about caching strategies because the cache gets slow. Then you shard the database and start managing multiple database connections and readers and writers. Then you run into memory, cpu, or i/o pressure. Maybe you start horizontally scaling. Connections and file descriptors have limits you learn about. Proxies might enter your lexicon. Monitoring, alerting, and testing all need improvement. And recently teams are getting harder to manage and projects are getting slower. Maybe deploying takes forever. So now we break up into different domains. Core backend, control panel, compliance, event processing, etc.
As the org grows and continues to change, more and more stakeholders appear. Security, API design, different cost modeling, product and design, and this web of stakeholders all have competing needs.
Go back to my opening stanza. Rinse and repeat.
Doing this exposes patterns and erroneous solutions. You work to find the least complex solution necessary to solve the known constraints. Simple is not easy (great talk, look it up). The learnings from these battle scars is what makes a staff level engineer methinks. You gain stories and tools for delivering solutions that solve increasingly larger systems and organizations. I recently was the technical lead for a 40 team software project. I gained some more scars and learnings.
An expert is someone who has made and learned from many mistakes in a narrow field. Those learnings and lessons get passed down in good system design interview books, like Designing Data Intensive Applications.
At the scale you are mentioning, even "simple" solutions must be very sophisticated and nuanced. How does this transformation happen naturally from an engineer at a startup where any mainstream language + Postgres covers all your needs, to someone who can build something at Google scale?
Let's disregard the grokking of system design interview books and assume that system design interviews do look at real skills instead of learning common buzzwords.